Diabetes mellitus is a pathology related to the group of endocrine diseases.It is associated with a disorder of the glucose assimilation process.The violation develops due to the absolute or relative insufficiency of the insulin-the hormone responsible for its processing.In a patient with diabetes, hyperglycemia is found.
This condition is characterized by a steady increase in plasma glucose.The patient has a violation of all types of metabolism: water salt, carbohydrates, protein, fat, minerals.The disease has a chronic course.Diabetes mellitus belongs to common diseases.It is detected in almost 6% of the world's population.
The causes of diabetes
The reasons for developing diabetes patients of the first and second types are different in patients.The first type of disease is detected in young patients under thirty years.Violation of insulin production occurs when the pancreas is damaged by autoimmune genesis.With it, there is a destruction of cellular insulin.
In most patients, this pathology occurs after a viral infection.Most often, epidemic mumps, indigenous rubella, viral hepatitis.This pathological condition can also develop after a toxic effect on the body with the following substances: nitrosamine, pesticides, some medicines.
These substances contribute to a violation of the immune response and the emergence of autoimmune reactions.The effect of changed immune cells on the islands of the pancreas Langergan causes their death.In this regard, the production of insulin is reduced.This condition develops when more than 80% of these cells are affected.
In the second type of disease, the insensitivity of all cells to insulin occurs.The level of insulin in the plasma is normal or increased, but cells do not perceive it.There are a majority of such patients with diabetes.Glucose tolerance arises for the following reasons:
- Genetic predisposition.Such patients have relatives with diabetes.If both parents suffer from them, the probability of the inheritance of the predisposition to it increases to 70%.
- Overweight.With a large amount of adipose tissue in the body, their sensitivity to insulin decreases.
- Irrational food.With the predominance of simple carbohydrates and lack of fibers in food, the risk of diabetes increases.
- Cardiovascular pathology.Severe forms of these diseases - atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, arterial hypertension lead to an increase in tissue insulin resistance.
- Chronic stress.In this condition, the level of catecholamines and glucocorticoids increases.This contributes to the development of diabetes.
- Taking some medicines.The group of drugs that increase the risk of diabetes includes: synthetic glucocorticoids, diuretics, part of antihypertensive drugs, cytostatics.
- Chronic insufficiency of adrenal cortex.This disease increases the risk of tissue insulin resistance.
As a result, the penetration of glucose into the cells decreases and its blood levels increase.
Symptoms of diabetes
- greedy thirst;
- rapid urination leading to dehydration;
- dry mouth;
- increased fatigue;
- general weakness;
- Small skin lesions heal slowly;
- vomiting;
- continuous nausea;
- the smell of acetone from the patient;
- respiratory tasks;
- heartbeat;
- itching of the skin;
- rapid weight loss;
- frequent urination;
- Reduce visual acuity.
When these signs appear, you should consult a doctor immediately to prove your blood sugar level.
Types of diabetes
The pathology, depending on the causes, is divided into several types.The following types of disease are distinguished: type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, specific forms and gestational diabetes.
Type 1 diabetes
Option 1 of the type occurs with the lack of insulin production in the body.This is a hormone that regulates glucose metabolism in the tissue.Its absence occurs due to damage to the pancreatic beta cells due to the development of autoimmune reactions.
The immune system is damaged and produces antibodies against the body's body tissues.This situation occurs after viral infections, severe stress, the effects of other opposite factors.
The disease often occurs in young people and children.The disease has an unexpected start.Its symptoms are pronounced, as cells quickly find themselves in a state of hunger.A very high level of glucose is detected, often reaching 30 mmol/l in the blood.
A variety of 1 variant of the disease is considered Lada diabetes.This is the autoimmune diabetes that occurs in adults, with a characteristic latent course.For him, a typical drop of insulin in the blood and normal weight.
Type 2 diabetes
With type 2 diabetes, insulin secretion does not suffer.In the blood there is an excessive level of this hormone.Cells in the body will lose sensitivity to the action of a substance.In patients, insulin resistance develops.About 90% of all individuals identified with diabetes are patients with the second type of disease.This version of diabetes often develops in people with overweight after 40 years.
Among the concomitant diseases are detected: atherosclerosis, arterial hypertension.The disease has a gradual start.Its symptoms are scarce.Glucose level increases moderately.Antibodies are not detected in pancreatic cells.This situation contributes to the patient's late complaints to the doctor when complications occurred.
Complications of diabetes
Separate acute and chronic complications of the disease.Acute complications develop rapidly and require urgent hospitalization.These include the following states:
- Hypoglycemia.In this condition, glucose levels decrease significantly.Occurs with an insulin overdose, premature meal, physical strain.The patient has hunger, a feeling of tremor, dizziness, sweating, aggression.Then consciousness is broken.
- Ketoacidosis.With it, glucose levels are rising.Does not enter the cells and accumulates into the bloodstream.The condition is manifested by a decrease in appetite, dry skin, thirst.The smell of acetone comes from the patient.Confusion, drowsiness.
- Hyperosmolar coma.It is characterized by an increase in blood glucose with general dehydration.
- Lactatat-acidic coma.The condition occurs in the elderly in the presence of respiratory and cardiovascular disorders due to oxygen hunger.
Patients with signs of these pathological conditions need immediate medical care.
In the late complications, vascular and nervous system lesions are observed.Diabetic angiopathy is a massive loss of blood vessels.Lies on the ships of each caliber.Microangiopathies cause the appearance of diabetic nephropathy and retinopathy.Macroangiopathy is surprising in the heart vessels, brain and arteries of the lower extremities.
Diagnosis of diabetes
If suspected of this disorder, the following studies are described:
- blood glucose level;
- urine analysis for glucose and ketone bodies;
- Glycosilated hemoglobin test;
- C-peptide in the blood;
- Stress test (determination of glucose tolerance).
To identify complications, an ultrasound scan of kidney, brain EEG, reoenencephalography and rear foot vessels are determined.
Treatment of diabetes
The execution of the doctor's prescriptions should be strictly observed.Blood sugar and medication treatment are performed with this disease are performed for life.These measures slow down the pathological process and avoid complications.
Treatment of pathology implies a decrease in blood glucose, as well as normalizing metabolism and preventing the development of complications.
Diet for diabetes
Dietitherapy is the basis of treatment.The diet is described, taking into account body weight, age, level of physical activity.The patient is taught the principle of calculating the calorie content of the vessels, they must contain the required number of all nutrients.
| What can eating | That you can't eat |
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* The table represents an incomplete list of products.To compile an accurate and complete diet linked, consult a specialist.
The principle of a diet in this disease:
- It is necessary to remove products that quickly increase the concentration of blood glucose.This is a high content of starch, sugar, fructose.
- Lower the total calorie content.The value of the energy of the dishes is the number of calories spent.
- It is necessary to observe a six -paying diet.
With diabetes, it is important to eat food regularly.If the patient adheres to a diet, then only it allows you to improve the patient's condition.In a mild form of the disease, only the power correction is overlooked.
It is preferable to use low -calorie foods.They should be rich in protein, plant fiber and dietary fiber.
Limit products that contain a large amount of animal fats, rapid carbohydrates, fructose.Remove all products with a high glycemic index.Alcohol in diabetes is also prohibited.
Insulin therapy
Insulin introduction is performed according to the scheme recommended by the doctor.At the same time, glucose levels systematically control.Insulins are produced in three types: short, prolonged, intermediate action.
Prolonged medicine is administered once a day.Compliance with a scheme individually selected for the use of intermediate and short insulin allows you to achieve compensation for the disease.
Glycemia's self -control level
Itself -Control of blood glucose content is performed daily.Modern glucometers allow you to do this everywhere - at home and at work at a convenient time.The device helps to design a balanced diet, develop a plan for physical activity, to determine the time of insulin and medication.Measurement detects hypoglycemia and helps maintain glucose concentration in normal.
Saharasses
Liquid sugar agents in tablets are described for second type diabetes as an addition to a diet.Such groups are distinguished:
- Derivatives of sulfonylmochevins- stimulate the secretion of pancreatic insulin, facilitate the penetration of glucose into cells;
- Biguanides- reduce the absorption of glucose in the intestinal wall;
- Meglitinides- lower sugar levels, stimulate insulin secretion;
- Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors- slows down the increase in sugar levels, inactive enzymes for absorbing starch;
- thiazolidindo- Reduce the amount of sugar released from liver cells, improve cell sensitivity to insulin.
With diabetes, it is important to check the patient's health and condition in order to avoid sharp changes in glucose level.
Preventing diabetes
Patients with diabetes should be constantly respected with an endocrinologist-he will help organize the lifestyle, diet and treatment needed.It is important to prevent the development of acute and chronic complications.Patients with type I are recommended to increase the body's resistance to infections, and patients with a type II do not allow overweight development.
cONcluSiON
Diabetes mellitus is classified as serious illness.In the absence of treatment, serious life -threatening complications develop.If symptoms of sugar occur, you should consult a doctor and not yourself -you feel.